1. Communication: the exchange of information and the transmission of meaning; the very essence of organization and a social process that influences the functioning of any organization; best viewed in relation to the social system in which it occurs and the particular function it performs in that system.
2. Coding Process: any system that receives information has a characteristics coding process, a limited set of coding categories to which it assimilates the information received; results in omission, selection, refinement, elaboration, distortion, and transformation.
3. Crisscrossing information: A subordinate in one unit talks to a boss in another unit, or vice versa.
4. Downward Communication: From superior to subordinate, following the authority pattern of hierarchical positions; used to direct, coordinate, and control.
5. Efficiency of Communication: Measured by the number of communication flowing in a given network.
6. Formal Communication: Written communication that follows the formal chain of command in an organization; influenced by the size of an organization and its public nature.
7. Horizontal Communication: Movement of information among peers at the same organizational level.
8. Informal Communication: Oral or written communication that does not follow formal channels.
9. Operational Feedback: Systematic information acquisition and analysis closely tied to the organization’s ongoing functions and sometimes an integral part of those functions.
10. Upward Communication: Information that ascends the hierarchical levels of an organization and provides task coordination and emotional and social support to the individual; flows from subordinate to superior.
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