Chapter Ten.

Key Terms:

1.)   Accountability: Degree to which a person must answer to some higher authority for actions in the larger society or within an agency or organization.

2.)   Active- Negative: Type of presidential personality wherein the president has a driving need to achieve and maintain power; Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon are good examples.

3.)   Active- Positive: Type of presidential personality in which the president desires to achieve results above all else; Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman, John Kennedy, and Jimmy Carter are examples.

4.)   Authority: Legal basis by which one has rights to use an organization’s power and resources.

5.)   Caretaker: Style of leadership in which the executive is a political conservative seeing him- or herself as a custodian of the status quo.

6.)   Casework: Services performed by legislators and their staffs on request from and on behalf of constituents.

7.)   Charisma: Leadership based on the personality of the leader rather than on a formal position.

8.)   Congressional Oversight: Monitoring by U.S. Congress of executive branch agencies’ activities and actions to assess if laws are being properly implemented.

9.)   Credibility: Recognition by an organization that a leader is competent to use the organization’s powers and command its resources.

10.) Demagogue: Style of leadership that rallies support among followers by appeals to emotions and prejudice.

11.) Executive Accountability: constitutionally specified role of the president as chief executive and responsible for enforcing laws, court decisions, and treaties.

12.) Frustrated Warrior: Style of leadership in which an unsuccessful policy entrepreneur ends up simply frustrated in his or her attempts to lead, usually because of legislative branch opposition.

13.) Functions of Leadership: To define an organization’s missions and role, the institutional embodiment of purpose, defending and institution’s integrity, and ordering internal conflict.

14.) Leadership: Exercise of authority in directing the work of others; may be formal or informal.

15.) Legislative Accountability: Legislative branch’s responsibility to answer for how government is run.

16.) Passive- Negative: Type of presidential personality in which the president emphasizes civic virtue; George Washington, Calvin Coolidge, and Dwight Eisenhower are good examples.

17.) Passive- Positive: Type of presidential personality in which the president seeks to be loved and revered; William Taft, Warren Harding, and Ronald Reagan are examples.

18.) Policy Entrepreneur: Style of leadership involving a progressive and highly activist executive who proposes and funds new programs.

19.) Trait Theory: Belief or assumption that leadership is based on traits that leaders possess that impart unique characteristics and qualities that enable them to assume responsibility. A belief in “born” leadership.

20.) Transformational Leadership: Leadership that strives to change an organization’s culture and goals, reflecting the leader’s ability to develop a values- based vision for the organization and to convert the vision into reality and sustain it over time.